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Type 1: Typical compound Nouns – STRESS ON FIRST WORD

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Introduction

Phrasal verbs are usually composed of verb + preposition or verb + adverb and these two words are never joined when written. Most phrasal verbs are spoken with the heavier stress on the second word. For example (click on the word to hear a recording): to throw away.

Many (but not all) phrasal verbs can be changed to a compound noun by simply joining (or hyphenating) the two words and changing the stress to the first word. For example: a throwaway (= a thing that is thrown away).

Remember this: the phrasal verb has the main stress on the second word but the compound noun has the main stress on the first word.

            For example:

            verb - to throw away; noun - a throwaway;

            verb - to break down; noun - a breakdown;

            verb - to make up; noun - makeup (a non-count noun);

            verb - to clean up; noun - a cleanup
Important Note: The material on this page is basically at the level of Band 7.0 (for vocabulary) and above. The reason for this is the fact that only people at Band 7 and above (for vocabulary) have quite good knowledge of phrasal verbs and the compound nouns that are often based on phrasal verbs. Many of the phrasal verbs shown here, and the compound nouns based on them are idiomatic in meaning, that is, the meaning and usage of these is not what you might think just by looking at the two words. That makes this vocabulary rather difficult and high-level. (Although Band 7 and above for vocabulary includes knowledge of some of the expressions on this page, that is only one indicator of a Band 7 or 8 vocabulary – it is not the only indicator of a high-level vocabulary.)

That does not mean that people who are Band 6 or 5 for vocabulary have absolutely no knowledge of all the words (word combinations) shown on this page – most people reading this page would recognize at least one or two examples on this page that they already know. And it does not mean that people who are at those levels should not study this page. I suggest that everybody at least learn the basic idea of the two different stress patterns. Those people who are aiming at 7.0 for Speaking (for example, those who got 6.5 in a previous test but need 7) should spend more time studying the meaning and usage of many or most of the word combinations here than people who are not quite at that level yet.

If you you at a much lower level than 6.5, I don't suggest you try to study all of the examples on this page. Instead, you should just study the meaning and usage of some new expressions from this page. Remember, you should progress in your English study in a step-by-step manner. If you are at a lower level and you learn the meaning and usage of everything on this page, your vocabulary will be unbalanced and it won't be enough to give you a 7 for vocabulary; it would be better for you to spend most of your time building up your knowledge of the more basic words before you try to build up a strong vocabulary of idiomatic words. Besides, many of the expressions on this page are not used very often – they are here to indicate the principle of the two different pronunciation stress patterns.

The examples of these in the 'diagnostic test' are: 3 a buildup; 4 a checkup; 23 a printout. All the examples on this page fit this pattern.

Sometimes the words are reversed, with the adverb or preposition first and the verb second. Notice that the stressed word is still the first word. Examples in the test of the adverb first and the verb second are: 41 an income; 43 an output; 44 an upgrade These are less common than the examples shown on this page. They are shown on Page 9.

Not all of these compound noun examples have corresponding phrasal verbs and not all phrasal verbs have corresponding compound nouns. Sometimes phrasal verbs or compound nouns that look like they come from a phrasal verb were simply created based on existing patterns of compound nouns formed from phrasal verbs when there is, in fact, no phrasal verb for the newly created compound noun.

Note that many of these (both the verb and the noun) have idiomatic or specialized meanings that are not immediately apparent from just looking at the words. And sometimes there is more than one idiomatic meaning.

Some of these compound nouns can also be used as adjectives. For example, "a breakthrough discovery". In this case, the complete expression is spoken with the same stress pattern as for adjective + noun.

Don't worry too much about which of these are written with hyphens, which are written as one word and which are written as two words. (That is another topic – the topic here is pronunciation.) Quite often, the British and American spellings or written forms are a little different. Hyphens are more often used in British English.

The important thing is to use the Type 1 stress pattern for the noun. Some people us the same stress pattern as for the verb and this gives the impression that your English is low-level. All the verbs have the same stress pattern and all the compound nouns have the same stress pattern. So, even if there is no recording for an example below, you still know how to say it.

The stress pattern of the examples on this page is another example of the general rule: "When two words are joined together in writing, i.e., written as one word, to form a noun, no matter what type of word the first word is (whether a noun, adjective, adverb, preposition or verb), the first word is spoken with more stress than the second word."

[Note that this applies only when two words are combined to form a noun. Verbs that are formed in this way generally have the stress on the second word, such as "to overtax" and "to overthrow".]

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PHRASAL VERB Similar to Type 2 stress pattern	COMPOUND NOUN Type 1 stress pattern
to back up	a backup
to bail out	a bailout
to beat up	a *beat*-up
to blast off	a blastoff
to blow out	a blowout or a blow-out
to break in	a break-in
to break away	a breakaway
to break down	a breakdown
to break out	a breakout
to break through	a breakthrough
to break up	a breakup
to build up	a build-up
to burn out	a burnout
to bust up	a bust-up
to cast away	a castaway
to cast off	a cast-off
-	a catch-all
to cave in	a cave-in
to change over	a changeover
to check in	a check-in
to check out	a checkout
to check up	a checkup
to clamp down	a clampdown
to clean out	a cleanout
to clean up	a cleanup
to come back	a comeback
to come down	a comedown
to come on	a come-on
to count down	a countdown
to cover up	a cover-up
to crack down	a crackdown
to cut away	a cutaway
to cut back	a cutback
to cut down	a cut-down
to cut off	a cutoff
to draw back	a drawback
to drive in	a drive-in
to fall back on	a fallback
to fall freely	a freefall
to fall out	fallout (non-count)
to fall short	a shortfall
to feed back	feedback (non-count)
to flare up	a flare-up
to fly over	a flyover
to follow up	a follow-up
to get away	a getaway
to go ahead	a/the go-ahead
to hand out	a handout
to hand over	a handover
-	a hangover
to hold out	a holdout
to kick back	a kickback (colloq.)
to know how	know-how
to lay by	a lay-by
to lay out	a layout
to let up	a let-up; (“no let-up”)
to lift off	a liftoff
to lock out	a lockout
to look in	a look-in
to look out	a lookout
to make over	a makeover
to make up	makeup or make-up (non-count)
to match up	a match-up
to pick up	a pickup
-	a playoff
to print out	a printout
to roll out	a rollout
to run away	a runaway
to run off	runoff (non-count)
to run up	a/the run-up
to sell off	a sell-off
to sell out	a sell-out
to set back	a setback
to set up	a setup
to shake up	a shake-up
to shoot out	a shootout
to show down	a showdown
to shut down	a shutdown
to shut out	a shutout
to sit in	a sit-in
to slow down	a slowdown
to stand in	a stand-in
to stand by	a standby
to stand off	a stand-off
to stick up	a stickup
to stop over	a stopover
to stow away	a stowaway
to take off	a takeoff
to take over	a takeover
to tie in	a tie-in
to trade off	a trade-off
to trade in	a trade-in
to turn off	a turnoff
to turn out	a turnout
to turn over	(a) turnover
to walk *out*	a walk-out
to walk over	a walkover
to walk through	a walkthrough
to warm up	a warm-up
to work out	a workout
to write off	a write-off

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